Statement and Conclusion

Statement and Conclusion

Statement - A message that is stated or declared; a communication (oral or written) setting forth particulars or facts etc.

Conclusion - A position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration. Thus Conclusion may refer to 'when a statement or question comes to an answer; when an idea or thought is settled'.

Under this chapter each question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the information given in the statement.

Solved Examples

1. Statements: Government has spoiled many top ranking financial institutions by appointing bureaucrats as Directors of these institutions.

Conclusions: (I) Government should appoint Directors of the financial institutes taking into consideration the expertise of the person in the area of finance.

(II) The Director of the financial institute should have expertise commensurate with the financial work carried out by the institute.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

1(D) According to the statement, Government has spoiled financial institutions by appointing bureaucrats as Directors. This means that only those persons should be appointed as Directors who are experts in finance and are acquainted with the financial work of the institute. So, both I and II follow.

2. Statements: Population increase coupled with depleting resources is going to be the scenario of many developing countries in days to come.

Conclusions: (I) The population of developing countries will not continue to increase in future. (II) It will be very difficult for the governments of developing countries to provide its people decent quality of life.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

2(B) The fact given in I is quite contrary to the given statement. So, I does not follow. II mentions the direct implications of the state discussed in the statement. Thus, II follows.

3. Statements: In Japan, the incidence of stomach cancer is very high, while that of bowel cancer is very low. But Japanese immigrate to Hawaii, this is reversed - the rate of bowel cancer increases but the rate of stomach cancer is reduced in the next generation. All this is related to nutrition - the diets of Japanese in Hawaii are different than those in Japan.

Conclusions: (I) The same diet as in Hawaii should be propagated in Japan also. (II) Bowel cancer is less severe than stomach cancer.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

3(D) The statement neither propagates the diet of any of the countries nor compares the two types of cancer. So, neither I nor II follows.

4. Statements: Monitoring has become an integral part in the planning of social development programmes. It is recommended that Management Information System be developed for all programmes. This is likely to give a feedback on the performance of the functionaries and the efficacy with which services are being delivered.

Conclusions: (I) All the social development programmes should be evaluated. (II) There is a need to monitor the performance of workers.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

4(D) According to the statement, monitoring and evaluation of social development programmes - their function, performance and efficiency - is absolutely essential. So, both I and II follow.

5. Statements: The distance of 900 km by road between Bombay and Jafra will be reduced to 280 km by sea. This will lead to a saving of Rs. 7.92 crores per annum on fuel.

Conclusions: (I) Transportation by sea is cheaper than that by road. (II) Fuel must be saved to the greatest extent.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

5(B) According to the statement, sea transport is cheaper than road transport in the case of route from Bombay to Jafra, not in all the cases. So, conclusion I does not follow. The statement stresses on the saving of fuel. So, conclusion II follows.

6. Statements: The manager humiliated Sachin in the presence of his colleagues.

Conclusions: (I) The manager did not like Sachin. (II) Sachin was not popular with his colleagues.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

6(D) The manager might have humiliated Sachin not because of his dislike but on account of certain negligence or mistake on his part. So, I does not follow. Also, nothing about Sachin's rapport with his colleagues can be deduced from the statement. So, II also does not follow.

7. Statements: National Aluminium Company has moved India from a position of shortage to self-sufficiency in the metal.

Conclusions: (I) Previously, India had to import aluminium. (II) With this speed, it can soon become a foreign exchange earner.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

7 (D) According to the statement, National Aluminium Company has moved India from a position of shortage in the past to self-sufficiency in the present. This means that previously, India had to import aluminium. So, I follows. Also, it can be deduced that if production increases at the same rate, India can export it in future. So, II also follows.

8. Statements: All those political prisoners were released on bail who had gone to jail for reasons other than political dharnas. Bail was not granted to persons involved in murders.

Conclusions: (I) No political - prisoner had committed murder. (II) Some politicians were not arrested.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

8(A) According to the statement, the political prisoners can be divided into two groups - those who were released and those who were put in jail for political dharnas. However, no person involved in murder was released. This means that no political prisoner had committed murder. So, I follows. Clearly, II is not directly related to the statement and does not follow.

Exercise

1. Statements: People who speak too much against dowry are those who had taken it themselves.

Conclusions: (I) It is easier said than done. (II) People have double standards.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

2. Statements: Our securities investments carry market risk. Consult your investment advisor or agent before investing.

Conclusions: (I) One should not invest in securities. (II) The investment advisor calculates the market risk with certainty.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

3.  Statements: Money plays a vital role in politics.

Conclusions: (I) The poor can never become politicians. (II) All the rich men take part in politics.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

4. Statements: The serious accident in which a person was run down by a car yesterday had again focused attention on the most unsatisfactory state of roads.

Conclusions: (I) The accident that occurred was fatal. (II) Several accidents have so far taken place because of unsatisfactory state of roads.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

5. Statements: In a recent survey report, it has been stated that those who undertake physical exercise for at least half an hour a day are less prone to have any heart ailments.

Conclusions: (I) Moderate level of physical exercise is necessary for leading a healthy life. (II) All people who do desk-bound jobs definitely suffer from heart ailments.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

6. Statements: This world is neither good nor evil; each man manufactures a world for himself.

Conclusions: (I) Some people find this world quite good. (II) Some people find this world quite bad.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

7. Statements: The eligibility for admission to the course is minimum second class Master's degree. However, the candidates who have appeared for the final year examination of Master's degree can also apply.

Conclusions: (I) All candidates who have yet to get their Master's degree will be there in the list of selected candidates. (II) All candidates having obtained second class Master's degree will be there in the list of selected candidates.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

8.  Statements: Recent trends also indicate that the number of child migrants in large cities is increasing. These children leave their families to join the ranks of urban poor doing odd jobs in markets, workshops, hotels or in service sectors.

Conclusions: (I) Migration to big cities should be checked. (II) The plight of poor children should be thoroughly studied.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

9. Statements: Although we have rating agencies like CRISIL, ICRA, there is demand to have a separate rating agency for IT companies to protect investors.

Conclusions: (I) Assessment of financial worth of IT companies calls for separate set of skills, insight and competencies. (II) Now the investors investing in IT companies will get protection of their investment.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

10. Statements: The standard of education in private schools is much better than Municipal and Zila Parishad-run schools.

Conclusions: (I) The Municipal and Zila Parishad should make serious efforts to improve standard of their schools. (II) All Municipal and Zila Parishad schools should be closed immediately.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

11. Statements: Domestic demand has been increasing faster than the production of indigenous crude oil.

Conclusions: (I) Crude oil must be imported. (II) Domestic demand should be reduced.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

12. Statements: Until our country achieves economic equality, political freedom and democracy would be meaningless.

Conclusions: (I) Political freedom and democracy go hand in hand. (II) Economic equality leads to real political freedom and democracy.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

13. All students in my class are bright. Manish is not bright.

A. Some students are not bright.

B. Manish must work hard.

C. Non-bright ones are not students.

D. Manish is not a student of my class.

14. All guilty politicians were arrested. Kishan and Chander were among those arrested.

A. All politicians are guilty.

B. All arrested people are politicians.

C. Kishan and Chander were not politicians.

D. Kishan and Chander were guilty.

                                                                       

15. In the university examination, most of the candidates write in Hindi medium.

A. Some candidates of this examination write in Hindi.

B. Mostly candidates with Hindi medium appear in this examination.

C. In this examination no candidate writes answers in medium other than Hindi,

D.All the candidates who appear in this examination write answers in Hindi.

16. Statements: The best evidence of India's glorious past is the growing popularity of Ayurvedic medicines in the West.

Conclusions: (I) Ayurvedic medicines are not popular in India. (II) Allopathic medicines are more popular in India.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

17. Statements: Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy and an aerogenerator can convert it into electricity. Though not much has been done in this field, the survey shows that there is vast potential for developing wind as alternative source of energy.

Conclusions: (I) Energy by wind is comparatively newly emerging field. (II) The energy crisis can be dealt by exploring more in the field of aero-generation.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

18. Statements: The best way to escape from a problem is to solve it.

Conclusions: (I) Your life will be dull if you don't face a problem. (II) To escape from problems, you should always have some solutions with you.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

19. Statements: It is almost impossible to survive and prosper in this world without sacrificing ethics and morality.

Conclusions: (I) World appreciates some concepts but may not uphold it. (II)Concept of ethics and morality are not practicable in life.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

20. Statements: The use of non-conventional sources of energy will eliminate the energy crisis in the world.

Conclusions: (I) Modern technology is gradually replacing the conventional sources of energy. (II) The excessive exploitation of environment has led to depletion of conventional sources of energy.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

21. Statements: My first and foremost task is to beautify this city - if city X and Y can do it - why can't we do it. - Statement of Municipal Commissioner of city Z after taking over charge.

Conclusions: (I) The people of city Z are not aware about the present state of ugliness of their city. (II) The present Commissioner has worked in city X and Y and has good experience of beautifying cities.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

22. Statements: "The Government will review the present policy of the diesel price in view of further spurt in the international oil prices". - A spokesman of the Government.

Conclusions: (I) The Government will increase the price of the diesel after the imminent spurt in the international oil prices.(II) The Government will not increase the price of the diesel even after the imminent spurt in the international oil prices.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

23. Statements: After this amendment to the Constitution, no child below the age of 14 years will be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Conclusions: (I) Before this amendment, children below 14 years were employed to work in factory or mine. (II) The employers must now abide by this amendment to the Constitution.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

24. Statements: It has been decided by the Government to withdraw 33% of the subsidy on cooking gas from the beginning of next month. - A spokesman of the Government.

Conclusions: (I) People now no more desire or need such subsidy from Government as they can afford increased price of the cooking gas. (II) The price of the cooking gas will increase at least by 33% from the next month.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

25. Statements: A large majority of the work force in India is unorganized. Most of them earn either the minimum or uncertain wages while others are engaged in sundry jobs.

Conclusions: (I) The workers in the organized sector get better facilities and stay longer in their jobs. (II) Some workers in the unorganized sector of the work force have a regular and fixed income.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

26. Statements: Fortune favours the brave.

Conclusions: (I) Risks are necessary for success. (II) Cowards die many times before their death.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

27.  Statements: Irregularity is a cause for failure in exams. Some regular students fail in the examinations.

Conclusions: (I) All failed students are regular. (II) All successful students are not regular.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

28. Statements: The Prime Minister emphatically stated that his government will make every possible effort for the upliftment of poor farmers and farmhands.

Conclusions: (I) Except poor farmers and farmhands, all others have got benefits of fruits of development. (II) No serious efforts have been made in the past for upliftment of any section of the society.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

29. Statements: The Cabinet of State X took certain steps to tackle the milk glut in the state as the cooperatives and government dairies failed to use the available milk. - A news report.

Conclusions: (I) The milk production of State X is more than its need. (II) The Government and co-operative dairies in State X are not equipped in terms of resources and technology to handle such excess milk.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Both I and II follow

30. Statements: Although the education system has progressed from the point of view of the number of schools, most of them are ill-equipped and have not achieved excellence in imparting education.

Conclusions: (I) In future, we should provide good teachers and equipment to these schools. (II) We need not open any more schools in the future.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

31. Statements: The commissioner of police has appealed people not to put up banners which obstruct pedestrian or motor traffic.

Conclusions: (I) Some of the people may respond and will not put up such banners.

(II) Policemen will have to keep a watchful eye on the new banners which are being put up on the roads.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

32. Statements: India's economy is depending mainly on forests.

Conclusions: (I) Trees should be preserved to improve Indian economy.

(II) India wants only maintenance of forests to improve economic conditions.

A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

Solution

1(D) The statement clearly implies that it is easier to say than to do something and what people say is different from what they do. So, both I and II follow.

2(B) Investment in securities involves risk. This does not mean that one should not invest in securities. So, I does not follow. Since the statement advises one to consult investment advisor before investing, so II follows.

3(D) Neither the poor nor the rich, but only the role of money in politics is being talked about in the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.

4(D) Since the accident has caused concern, it must be fatal. So, I follows. The use of the word 'again' in the statement justifies the fact mentioned in II. So, II also follows.

5(A) The statement mentions that chances of heart ailments are greatly reduced by a regular half-hour exercise. So, I follows. However, it talks of only reducing the probability which does not mean that persons involved in sedentary jobs shall definitely suffer from heart ailments. So, II does not follow.

6(D) The statement mentions that the world for a man is as he makes it himself. So, some people might find it good and some quite bad. Thus, both I and II follow.

7(D) The statement mentions that the candidates, who have obtained second class Master's degree or have appeared for the final year examination of Master's degree, can apply for admission. This implies that both types of candidates may be selected on certain grounds. Thus, some candidates of each type and not all candidates of any one type, may be selected. So, neither I nor II follows.

8(D) The statement mentions the problem of increased migration of children to cities. But the ways to deal with the problem cannot be deduced from it. So, neither I nor II follows.

9(A) The need for separate rating agency for IT companies clearly indicates that such assessment requires a separate set of skills. So, I follows. However, the statement indicates only the need or demand and neither the future course of action nor its after-effects can be judged. So, II does not follow.

10(A) Clearly, the solution to the problem is not to close down the Municipal and Zila Parishad-run schools but to strive to improve the standard of education of these schools. So, only I follows while II does not.

11(C) The statement mentions that demand for oil is increasing faster than the production. So, either the demand must be reduced or oil must be imported to cope with the increasing demand. Thus, either I or II follows.

12 (B) Nothing about the relation between political freedom and democracy is mentioned in the statement. So, I does not follow. But II directly follows from the given statement.

13(D)                           14(C)                           15(B)

16(D) The popularity of Ayurvedic or allopathic medicines in India is not being talked about in the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.

17(E) The phrase 'not much has been done in this field' indicates that wind energy is a comparatively newly emerging field. So, I follows. The expression 'there is vast potential for developing wind as alternative source of energy' proves II to be true.

18(D) Clearly, both I and II do not follow from the given statement.

19(B) Clearly, I is vague and so does not follow. However, II directly follows from the given statement.

20(D) Both I and II directly follow from the given statement.

21 (D) the Commissioner only cites examples of cities X and Y and undertakes to beautify city Z. This does not imply that he has worked in cities X and Y. So, I do not follow. Also, nothing about people's response to the state of the city can be deduced from the statement. Thus, II also does not follow.

22 (C) the Government seeks to review the policy so as to determine whether the diesel price needs to be increased or it can be kept stable by adjusting certain other factors. So, either decision may be taken. Thus, either I or II follows.

23(D) The statement mentions that after the amendment, no child below 14 years will be engaged in hazardous employment. This means that before the amendment, the practice of employing children below 14 years was in vogue. This in turn means that employers will have to abide by the amendment. So, both I and II follow.

24(D) The decision to withdraw subsidy has clearly been taken to compensate for the loss and not because people can now afford to pay more for cooking gas. So, I does not follow. Also, the statement talks of withdrawing 33% of the prevailing subsidy and not of reducing 33% of the actual price. So, II also does not follow.

25(B) The workers in the organized sector are not being talked about in the statement. So, I does not follow. It is mentioned that some workers in the unorganized sector are engaged in sundry jobs. This means that they have fixed income. So, II follows.

26(A) According to the statement, only those who tackle situations bravely achieve success. So, I follows. However, II is vague with regard to the given statement and so does not follow.

27(D) The given statement clearly implies that all irregular and some regular students fail in the examinations. This, in turn, means that all successful students are regular but not all regular students are successful. So, neither I nor II follows.

28(D) No other section of society except farmers has been talked about in the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.

29 (D) The use of the term 'milk glut' makes I implicit. Also, the fact that the cooperatives and Government dairies failed to use the available milk indicates that they lack the proper infrastructure to handle such quantities of milk. So, II also follows.

30(A) Clearly, the statement stresses the need to provide good teachers and equipment to schools. So, I follows. However, the fact that education system in India is progressing with regard to schools does not imply that no more schools should be opened. So, II does not follow.

31(A) Clearly, the appeal has been made keeping in mind the fact that it would create awareness and have some effect. So, - I follows. However, the statement talks of a general appeal and not stringent directions. So, II does not follow.

32(A) It is mentioned in the statement that India's economy depends mainly on forests. This means that forests should be preserved. So, I follows. But, that only preservation of forests can improve the economy cannot be said. So, II does not follow.